Sophias Resturant Essays - Fashion, Footwear, Nike, Inc., Shoe

Sophia's Resturant Review At 24 years old, Sue Koenig propelled Runners World retail shoe store. Notable and broadly positioned as a sprinter herself, Sue knew direct of the requirement for athletic shoes extraordinarily intended for the genuine sprinter. Her planning was great. Informal spread and Runners World built up a decent base of faithful and rehash clients. A national wellbeing and exercise rage additionally powered the interest for top of the line quality running shoes. This was a shelter to early achievement, and brought about a consistent and gainful development during the initial ten years of activity. Sue had solely picked Nike's chief line of running shoes as the foundation of Runners World retail product offering. For a period, Nike's solid picture and forceful advancement battle end up being a savvy and strong promoting system. In any case, various elements have started to antagonistically influence Runners World's presentation. Organization development has arrived at a virtual halt as late deals have straightened out. Benefit levels stay sensible yet could debilitate if some prompt and conceivably radical changes are not consolidated. Rivalry, style and a wide spread loss of enthusiasm for running have cut into the specialty piece of the pie Runners World once exclusively delighted in. This has Sue worried about what to do. At the point when Sue at first began Runners World, she had an unmistakable objective market at the top of the priority list - the genuine jogger or sprinter who needed the best quality running shoes cash could purchase. Things were straightforward and straight forward, however now the interest and atmosphere is evolving. Client decisions, desires and needs have extended. There are numerous options that Sue needs to deliberately examine and investigate. In a general sense, Sue should truly assess whether there is as yet an enormous enough market locally for her specific stock. Present Strategy In her heart, Sue realizes that her crucial sound - to give top of the line running shoes to the individuals who share her energy for the game. There is no doubt that she contacts her objective market. Her demographic, comprising of the most genuine sprinters, are rehash purchasers who transform running shoes into a staple. They discover a shoe they like and stick with it. The top of the line Nikes she as of now sells were in every case all around acknowledged and seen as top quality. Feeling that change is inescapable in the event that she needs to remain serious, Sue realizes it is important to reexamine the business technique of her showcasing blend. In spite of the fact that constrained to value her stock in accordance with Nike, Sue is as yet ready to sell the shoes and get a $5 to $7 per pair premium. This has brought about alluring benefits in general while as yet staying serious in the market. As patterns go, Sue knows that running is on the decrease. Nike running shoes are as yet her essential item, however as practicing went to a kinder, gentler stage, Sue added an auxiliary stock to her store. Planning to catch a progressively differing market, Runners World included Nike shoes for strolling, vigorous exercise, b-ball, tennis, and broadly educating. These sold well for some time yet deals for these different shoes have additionally smoothed out. Sprinters World frantically needs to pull in new business. Agreeable at its present area for as far back as twelve years, the encompassing zone has gotten home to other retail chains and retail establishments, expanding the opposition in the games shoe and clothing market. Stores, for example, Foot Locker and Wal-Mart are climbing to find their opponents who have been in the business for some time and convey colossal determinations. Sue's notoriety for being a broadly positioned sprinter had consistently been adequate to advance Runners World, a natural and stable installation in the network. All the more as of late, she has become agonizingly mindful that her notoriety alone won't be sufficient to support her present market. Resolved to restore the store as the hotspot for her sprinter's needs, Sue starts the overwhelming assignment of dissecting the qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers to her business. Ends In view of our investigation of Sue's flow advertising technique and the inquiries we have raised with respect to Runner's World's future, we unequivocally encourage Sue to keep on having some expertise in running shoes, yet to include other top of the line marks other than Nike and stay away from the stylish as well as low-end brands, for example, Skechers (MENTION OTHER BRANDS and RESEARCH THEIR PRICES), which would just confound her clients. We

How to Get an ISBN in 10 Minutes (or Less!) the Master Guide for 2019

Instructions to Get an ISBN in 10 Minutes (or Less!) the Master Guide for 2019 ISBN for Self-Publishers: The Complete Guide With regards to conversations around books and distributing, we as a whole know the most energizing subject at the table: how to get an ISBN.We know not every person is excited by acquiring a sequential number at the same time, much the same as altering and configuration, they're aâ pretty basic piece of independently publishing. Fortunately, we’re here to respond to the entirety of your inquiries regarding the matter. The most effective method to get an ISBN: the total guide for independent publishers #pubtips What is an ISBN number?An International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, is a 13-digit code utilized as a one of a kind identifier for books. An ISBN is relegated to every version of a distribution, empowering distributers, book shops, libraries, and perusers to rapidly discover titles.An ISBN number never lapses. Indeed, even old numbers with just 10 digits can be changed over into a 13-digit code with this transformation apparatus from Bowker.How to peruse an ISBNAll standard ISBNs involve five sections that reveal to us the following:The number 978 or 979 demonstrates that the digits are a book codeThe nation or language gathering of the publicationThe publisherThe title of the publicationThe check digit - which, in a non-specialized nutshell, shows that the number has been verifiedAs they are utilized by retailers for stock reasons, just writers who are wanting to print and circulate printed copies of their titles need to get a barcode.Is it equivalent to an ASIN number?It's compar able, yet not precisely the same. ASIN number are 10-digit codes created by Amazon to distinguish the items on their page - so it's like an ISBN in that regard. Notwithstanding, while ISBNs can be utilized across different book shops, ASINs on apply on the Amazon store.Additional ISBN resourcesFor more data with respect to the themes secured, here are a few connects to check out:International ISBN AgencyFrequently Asked Questions (replied by Bowker)Bowker’s Set-Up GuideNielsen InformationThere’s no off-base or right answer given that you think ahead. On the off chance that you have a light second one day and choose to compose and distribute a book as a meaningful venture, you can most likely shun this entire procedure and breathe a sigh of relief. On the off chance that you’re hoping to begin your own distributing business, at that point cautiously gauge your choices. Putting resources into an ISBN may be the savvy wagered or a pointless one, contingent upon you r objectives.

Justin Leung Essays (390 words) - Education, Sexuality And Society

Justin Leung 3/11/17 The debate behind the oversight of books holds numerous perspectives. Books have been upgrading understudies perception of cutting edge writing and presented them to a degree of development that makes a superior individual of value. Despite what might be expected, guardians have been contending to class authorities and organization about certain understanding material and substance being hostile and upsetting to numerous understudies. From a positive perspective, books exemplifying discussion are a decent method to open understudies and youthful perusers to the world at an alternate arrangement of eyes to the one as grown-ups and adults see it. The reality remains that numerous understudies consider these to be as off-base and insufficient in encapsulating a slid change into another world and level of development. This, books maintaining contention ought to be edited and restricted. Books of disputable characteristics and emotions ought to be prohibited and blue-penciled. For example, the content of the article Book-Banning Now states, Most every now and again, books are tested on the grounds that they contain foulness or savagery, sex or sex training, homosexuality, black magic, and the new age' ways of thinking, depictions of insubordinate youngsters, or politically off base, bigot, or misogynist language. This shows how these books of discussion hold many progressed and inaccurate thoughts that are openly accessible and effectively available for understudies to acquire and abuse for wrong conduct. Also, the content of Some FAQ About First Amendments expressed, However state funded school understudies do have First change opportunities, the courts permit school authorities to manage particular kinds of understudy articulation. For instance, school authorities may deny discourse that generously upsets the school condition or that attacks the privileges of other s. Numerous courts have held that school authorities can limit understudy discourse that is licentious. This shows understudy's free articulation and access to a wide range of books may will in general lead to interruption and center in a learning domain not exclusively to the understudies yet people around them just as the educator driving the class. All in all, schools should boycott and blue pencil dubious understanding material and substance. Despite the fact that these sorts of books can inconclusively permit understudies to grasp a universe of development, this at last winds up in a greater part of understudies who abuse the free and community to that kind of material and misuse the substance in improper conduct and activity in schools and outside schools.

Writers’ Workshop 10 Tips for Beginners

Writers’ Workshop Writers’ Workshop Writing is easy, and that’s why so many people are doing it. But the definition of writing successfully is different for everyone, and that’s why being successful in the industry is such a difficult thing to achieve. There quite simply isn’t a magic pill or answer. While a writers’ workshop can be infinitely helpful, it’s not the be all and end all for success. But there are some things that you can do to increase the likelihood that you will write successfully. 1. Schedule Time and Write Something Every Day. Find your peak writing times! The best way to do this is to collect a wide variety of resources that will help you to write SOMETHING, Every. Single. Day. Consider resources such as: a kitchen timer or computer app timer writing prompts brainstorm techniques word count challenges Even fantastic writers fail if they cannot master the discipline of writing regularly. Once you identify your peak writing times, make a schedule that takes advantage of these. Be protective of this time. Don’t let even family members intrude upon it. 2. Create a Space to Write Create yourself a writing haven. A place that is apart from or at least free from distractions that other members of the household may bring. It doesn’t have to be fancy or cost a lot of money. But make it a special place. Sacred. 3. Use Life as Your Inspiration Writing is about sharing information with others, it’s about telling a story, it’s about perspective. It’s about life. To write successfully typically involves getting other people to read what you write. One of the best ways to keep your writing fresh and engaging is to observe real-life people and situations and use those notes to make your characters and stories come alive. 4. Read Voraciously Read Regularly. The more you read, the better you will be able to see where other writers may have engaged you or lost you in the story. When you are reading, it’s important to pay attention to mechanics such as word selection, dialogue, sentence length, pacing, plotting, and character development. Being aware of these elements can help you write better. You will also begin to see patterns and will know instinctively what things work and what things don’t. All of this then shows in your writing. Read about writing. Learn from those who have come before you and try not to make the same mistakes. Read about mechanics such as spelling, grammar, and word choice but also read about theory and inspiration. Read about how to write not just from those authors who got it right but also from those who admit to getting it wrong. 5. Know Your Message Be clear at the start about what you want to say. The best way to do this is to reflect on why you are writing in the first place. Are you trying to share information with your reader, telling a story, or trying to inspire? Each of these purposes requires a different approach when writing. You may not always know what you’re going to write but the why is critical. If you can outline your writing before you start, it may help. Once you’ve written your piece, make sure you are clear on what your story is about. Practice telling others about your story and perfect your pitch. The clearer you are about your message and what your writing is about, the better you will be able to market it to others. 6. Share Your Message with Others Now that you know your message and have perfected your pitch, get used to putting your work out there. Use a good writers’ workshop that focuses on critique to get motivated, push outside your comfort zone, hear different ideas, and gain support and enthusiasm. Listen to feedback from others and do your best to learn from it. Take advantage of a second and more objective set of eyes to help you see what you might have missed in your editing. 7. Get the Mechanics Right Every story, whether fiction or non-fiction, has a beginning, a middle, and an end. Non-fiction work, even short articles have an introduction, some clear points, and a conclusion. Often good writers can be derailed by getting the mechanics wrong. Do what you can to make sure that the mechanics of your story don’t detract from your message. Practice seamlessly weaving backstory rather than â€Å"dumping† it during introductory pages Edit Systematically; create an editing checklist and use it when editing your work Watch for your â€Å"go to† words or phrases and swap them for less used words Check singular versus plural noun agreement Limit your use of adverbs Watch for frequently used words like â€Å"although, finally, again, just, another, back, etc. Choose your tense and be consistent (avoid passive voice) Watch for lapses in point of view (switching from 1st person to 2nd person, etc.) Follow Submission Guidelines 8.Prepare for Writer’s Block Even the best writers can be devastated by writer’s block. It’s a real thing, and it can wreak havoc on your writing schedule and your self-esteem. I don’t know a writer alive who hasn’t experienced writer’s block on a regular basis. If this is a regular issue for you, find a writers’ workshop that specifically deals with busting writer’s block. The difference between being a beginning writer and a professional writer is how you deal with writer’s block: Allow for it in your work schedule and don’t panic when it hits Use tools and exercises to break the block. Do something else Freewrite or use word association Research your next article or chapter instead Retype or Rewrite Write about not writing (rant) Pick something and read Explain the problem you’re up against to a stuffed animal 9. Love What You Do One of the main reasons many people write is because they enjoy it. When you are starting out, it’s easy to get sidetracked from that enjoyment. One of the key things you will learn in any writers’ workshop is to love what you do. Will it always be joy and sunshine when you are writing? Nope. But you should love what you do most of the time. If you find yourself tearing your hair out daily, think about what it is that is driving you mad and do what you can to make writing enjoyable again. Write for clients if you must make money from your writing. But make sure you also write for yourself and stay true to yourself when writing. You’ll find that the words come so much easier when you are doing something you love. 10. Face your Fear The last tip that you will likely hear in a writers’ workshop is to face your fear. Some writers have a fear of failure, which is completely normal. Other writers have a fear of success or a fear of change—also normal. When you are writing, the most empowering thing you can do is to face whatever fear you have and overcome it. You grow as a writer every time you overcome fear. The same is true for your characters if you are writing fiction. Your characters will be bolder and more realistic if you write about them facing their fears and overcoming them. So, if you can’t afford to get into a writers’ workshop right now, do not despair. Focus on mastering the 10 tips for beginners that I’ve outlined above. As you master these, you’ll find that your writing improves and when you do finally get to take that writers’ workshop, you’ll be even better prepared to learn everything that you can from it.

Depression Depression And Rape - 2997 Words

A Prison Within: Depression and Rape There are millions of people in the world that have different illnesses. Depression is a very common mental illness. Many people have experienced depression at some point in their lives. The American Psychological Association states that â€Å"People with depression may experience a lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.† I was 18 years old around the time I had my first serious episode of depression. I was depressed about an attempted rape that almost occurred at a party. Fortunately I had good friends and family to help me be able to talk about my problems. I did however become open about what was happening to me. Additionally, I found out that I was at risk for depression because there are people in my family with Bipolar Disorder which can cause depression. There are many different forms of depression which are also called mood disorders. The common misconception is that depression is only in one form. You could have Dysthymia, Major Depressive Disorder, or Cyclothymia. Dysthymia is very long lasting but not as severe as MDD. Major Depressive Disorder is a serious condition in which the characteristics of normal depression are felt more extremely. Cyclothymia is another name for Bipolar Disorder because at one point you’reShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Rape1166 Words   |  5 Pagescommitted specifically rape. About 86,000 cases of rape are reported annually in the U.S alone (Seth)! On of the most frequently committed acts of sexual violence is rape. Damaging effects of rape can be life long. 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Viabiliy of News Channels in India - 4403 Words

ASSIGNMENT OF PM TOPIC: VIABILITY OF NEWS CHANNELS IN INDIA [pic] SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: MR. SATINDER KUMAR SURJEET SINGH (LECTURER) MBA II (D) 5918 SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA INTRODUCTION TELEVISION NEWS media is one of the most important catalysts that has an invariably important role to play in shaping up public opinions, sentiments, and dogmas by promulgating accurate and desirable information and knowledge. Due to its vast intrusion in public life, it has the power of creating an enduring impact on society and culture of a region. Today, TV news channels in India are facing a qualitative crisis pertaining to disseminated content in the package†¦show more content†¦In other words we can say that these are popular in metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai etc. these channels can be seen in small cities. But these are not as important in small cities as in big cities. Level of news given by English news channels If there is a issue about the level of news channels. then English news channels are very appropriate. News given by these news channels are 90% real. English news channels give real news as much as possible. so it can be said that these are better than Hindi news channels. However news channels have much importance in metropolitan cities but we come to small cities, there are some problems occur because more than 65% Indian population live in villages nearby areas. They are mostly illiterate in these areas . English is beyond their thinking. HINDI NEWS CHANNELS †¢ AZAD NEWS †¢ NDTV INDIA †¢ ZEE NEWS †¢ AAJ TAK †¢ DD NEWS †¢ SAHARA SAMAY †¢ TEZ †¢ INDIA TV †¢ INDIA NEWS †¢ P-7 NEWS †¢ STAR NEWS †¢ LIVE INDIA †¢ CNEB †¢ NEWS 24 †¢ A TO Z NEWS †¢ FOCUS TV †¢ IBN-7 †¢ TOTAL TV †¢ TV100 VIABILITY OF HINDI NEWS CHANNELS: Hindi is the national language of India. It is the most spoken language of India also. So most people prefer to watch Hindi news channels. The list of Hindi news channels is very long. But only a few of them give relative information. There is no objection by the la to broadcast any channel. So most private channels have made it as a

James Hardie Industries Ltd The Breach Of Trust Case Detailed Study

Question: Give detailed descriptionabout James Hardie Industries Ltd. Answer: Introduction A lot of has been published previously about the James Hardie case. This case today we will study is related to the infamous James Hardie Industries Ltd is a company which deals in building industrial materials. The company is situated in Ireland region in Australia. Back in May 2012 the director of the company, James Hardie was detected by the court to be breaching his duties. The director allegedly confirmed and notified a false ASX announcement which related to the foundation of a set up for compensating individuals suffering from asbestos related ailments. He declared there was funding adequacy in this set up which was an entirely false confirmation made from the end of the director.(Robertson 2012) James Hardie was amongst one of the many companies which were dealing in the mining of asbestos. It was in the mid 20th century when the industry witnessed the company to become the largest manufacturer of building materials,products,pipes,brake linings and insulations. The Asbestos plants are located in varied places in Australia in NSW,Victoria,Southern Australia, Queensland and western Australia. Gradually workers working in the Asbestos plant started showing pleural asbestos from the material used called Fibro. Such pleural abnormalities witnessed were known as Asbestosis and Malignant Mesothelioma. (Wiki) The firms in this group majorly participated in making products based on asbestos during the years 1920s. In Australia asbestos based products were used extensively as building materials. The company was responsible to contribute to around 70% of asbestos consumption in the country. Asbestos however is injurious to the health. It contains fibres that results in diseases like lung cancer even. These fatal diseases do not manifest instantly. Decades past for them to develop in the human body and one fine day comes out big. (Hargovan 2012). Duties and Responsibilities of the Director Breached James Hardie, the director of the James Hardie Industries Ltd started restructuring of the company. This involved the moving of its base offshore. The liabilities faced by the firm regarding asbestos related illness was high. Two companies under the James Hardie ownership which was liable for such growing ailments was expelled in the midst of this restructuring. This was to protect Hardies image in the entire matter.The company also funded a Medical Research and Compensation firm to research more about the illness. The director was supposed to announce and inform the market about such restructuring or ASX. Any kind of company restructuring or reforming affects its price, value and shares. In the year 2011, the company announced that it was fully funded and is having sufficient funds for fulfilling all the claims of legitimate nature. However, the reality was something else. The foundation soon was exposed to be short of funding thus proving director James Hardie to be breaching his d uties to be truth full about the companys plans and facts. (Robertson 2012) The New South Wales Supreme Court initially found that 3 senior executives and 7 non executive level Directors have breached their obligations of statutory nature under section 180(1) of the Corporations Act 2001. The jury of the NSW Supreme Court was backed by 7 more reverend judges.(Govrik 2012). Decisions of the court on the James Hardie case It was in the year 2003 month of Dec when the Foundation gave out a warning message that it is facing a serious shortfall of fundings. In a few year it will not be able to pay any claims arising in relation to the asbestos compensation fund. In 2004 the NSW Bob Carr hired David Jackson the QC to undergo an investigation. The main point of investigation was to find out the relation in between the Hardie group company restructuring and the shortfall of funding. It also included the provision to check whether corporate law was needed for ensuring the claims in the future and how will they be met. The investors of the hardie group denied any such wrong doings. The inquiry suggested the following: The MD or managing director of the James Hardie Industry in the year 2001 was prosecuted to make inquiry regarding whether the Foundations can meet all claims in future The advisory of Hardie Group, Allens Arthur Robinson breached duty in relation to the company restructure. It also lead to the cancellation of part payment of paid shares. Inquiry for the adviser Trowbridge who acted in a negligent manner while estimating the future funding needed by the Foundation. High court has ruled in its sessions that the executive and non executive directors breached corporate law by making statements which were misleading in nature regarding the asbestos compensation fund of the company. In the various court proceedings made by the ASIC, J Gzell it was found that while making the announcement James Hardie has got himself and the other directors involved in deceptive conducts. It was also found that the successor JHINV was also involved in deceptions and misleading conducts for some investor road shows. The court declared non executive directors, chief executive, chief financial officer and the secretary or general counsel of the Joint company all breaching their official duties. Non executive directors of James Hardie Industries Ltd Mr Shafron, JHINV and Mr Morley made appeals to the New South Wales Supreme Court as individual appellants to their judgement passed on the 17th of December 2010. (Austin 2012) The High Court passes the decision that these members including chair woman Meredith Hellicar was involved in this breach of making misleading falsified statement to the Share market in year 2001. The company said it had a fully functional plan to provide compensation. But in reality the underfunded amount of the company was over $5.1 billion. The company faced total bankruptcy. ASIC or the Australian Securities and Investments won their initial round in the NSW Court. Directors were fined. They were also banned to be serving as Board members for 5 years. In 2010 this ruling was overturned by their appeal. The court later returned this appeal as it wanted to decide on the matters which lay outstanding and penalties. The director James Hardie informed he was unsure how much the ruling will be costing to the company. The decision of the High Court which definitely will have a cost implication and it will be known only when the outstanding issues are judged by the court. The ASIC body of judges warns any director who is misleading investors. (Anonymous, NSW News 2012 The ASIC has made appeals to the High Court. It was for the Court of Appeals final decision given to the NEDs. These cross appeals and appeals about Mr Shafron, Mr Morley and others were withdraw. JHINV made no appeals. High Court made allowance on an unanimous basis for the ASICs appeal towards the NEDs. The following joint decision was made by CJ Gunmoq, Crennan, Bell JJ and Kiefel:- The minutes of the board meeting held in February was powerful proofs favouring the case of ASIC. The directors were stated to be approving market announcements made although it was not recorder or in document within a month's time as per s251A. It is assumed that a civil prosecutor usually has a fair judgement. ASIC never contravened any duties present in relation to the case. Mr Robb is most unlikely to give any evidence that will work in favour of the NEDs. ASIC was also discharged any burden of finding evidence about the Feb board meeting where directors approved market notifications. (Robin 2012) Due to the shortfall of funds faced by the organization a crucial issue arises that to what extent is the liabilities of the prosecution be traceable based on the overseas assets of the Hardie Group. This also includes the Netherland based parent firm JHINV. Despite the solid feature of the restructure of the company and the counsel assisting such inquiries it has been suggested that the JHINV was actually a shadow director for the Australian company ABN 60. The claims of ABN 60 were enforceable for JHINV. Chairman of ASIC Greg Medcraft stated that in this case for the regulator it has become a very important case as it has hit markets right in their heart. The information Australians received can be relied on as per what he said in the Melbourne Media conference. Decisions that raised for the directors considering their duties to be completely onerous was denied. As per them it was a timely reminder about the duty. Overall the companies in Australia have high levels of governance in the corporate level. Medraft said to the court that there will be a deterrent effect which makes sense to all Australians where they needs to take care about the accuracy of various statements made by company director for the market. The law firms representing the asbestos victims also positively welcome such decisions. As per Maurice Blackburn and Theodora Ahilas who were primary in the asbestos case, they stated that the misleading statements made by James Hardie cause false assumptions by the community about what amount of money or fund is kept aside for compensation of asbestos. This led to high stress and confusions in many of the clients of asbestos. The company finally is held accountable for the poor nature of its governance which is a good thing. Still the highest number of people suffering from asbestos is yet to be calculated in Australia. The last model used for such calculations basing itself from the deaths occurring due to mesothelioma somewhere ranges in between 2014 and 2021. The worst part is that this disease does not show itself instantly. The actual count of people who will die is yet to be traced as the disease takes decades to showcase its symptoms. The Hardies as stated by the lawyers was a story of a misleading community. AT first they misleaded the community about the dangerous products and its side effects. And then the entire world about its ability to fulfill claims from compensations of asbestosis victims. References Robertson. McCullough 2012, High Court confirms breach of duties by James Hardie directors, Australia. Govrik.Tony De 2012, The James Hardie case: risk, reputation and business ethics. Hargovan. Anil 2012, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE LESSONSFROM JAMES HARDIE, Case Note. Anonymous, NSW News 2012, James Hardie directors breached duties: court. Austin. Robin 2012, The High Court decides the James Hardie case.

Political Forms Of Ancient India Essays - Civilizations,

Political forms of Ancient India Political forms of Ancient India The Indian sub-continent was the home of one of the earliest civilizations of man. In the history of ancient India we see many forms of society ranging from urban civilization of Indus Valley to the Classical Age of Gupta Dynasty. During this period we see a hierarchy of centralized and decentralized government. Some of which were highly organized in their political structure and government while others were merely weakened by internal problems and division of power. Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world's oldest and greatest civilizations which took shape around 3000 BC to 2500 BC in the valley of the Indus River. Remains of more than 100 cities, towns, and villages of the Indus Valley civilization have now been found from north of the Hindu Kush down the entire length of the Indus and beyond into peninsular India. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro are the two urban centers of Indus Valley civilization and the excavation of these sites reveal standardization and ordered society and ten centuries of relatively stable conditions. The city was amazingly well planned with broad main streets and good secondary streets. The houses of these cities were solidly built of bricks and many were multi-storied and equipped with bathrooms and lavatories. The high quality of the pottery, along with hoards of gold and silver found at Indus Valley sites, suggest great accumulation of wealth. Each city was laid out on a grid plan with a high citadel and a lower city of domestic dwellings. Urban planning is evident in the neat arrangement of major buildings contained in the citadel, including the placement of a large granary and water tank or bath at right angles to one another. The lower city, which was tightly packed with residential units, was also constructed on a grid pattern consisting of a number of blocks separated by major cross streets. The cities had an elaborate public drainage system. Sanitation was provided through an extensive system of covered drains running through the length of the main streets and connected by chutes with most residences. All these archeological evidences uncovered a strong centralized authority. The urban civilization of Indus Valley suggests a complex planning that undertook the region and the people lived up to the standard of the time. The Indus civilization appears to have declined rapidly in the early 2d Millennium BC. Archeological remains further indicate intermittent and devastating floods around this time and possible invasions by the Aryans, whose epics refer to their conquest of walled cities. The Aryans are said to have entered India through the fabled Khyber pass, around 1500 BC and gave rise to another civilization in Indian history, the Vedic period. The Aryans are believed to have developed the Sanskrit language and made significant inroads into the religion of the time. All these factors were to play a fundamental role in the shaping of Indian culture. The Aryans did not have a script but they developed a rich tradition. They composed the hymns of the four vedas, the great philosophic poems that are at the heart of Hindu thought. The Aryans were divided into tribes, which had settled in different regions of northwestern India. Tribal chiefmanship gradually became hereditary, though the chief usually operated with the help of advice from either a committee or the entire tribe. Tribal chiefs bearing the title Raja or king were at first little more than war-lords, and their principal duty was protection of their tribes. The power of the king positioned with the higher authority of the priests. Vedic kingship was the natural outcome of the conditions surrounding the Aryans. A king was the leader of the people in the war of aggression and defense. He is called the "Protector of the people". A study of the Rigveda shows that the king was no longer merely a leader of a primitive tribe, but occupied a position of per-eminence among the people. The protection of the people was the sacred duty of the king. In return, he expected and received loyal obedience from his subjects in the sense of a tribute to the king. With work specialization, the internal division of the Aryan society developed along caste lines. Their social framework was composed mainly of the following groups: the Brahmana (priests), Kshatriya (warriors), Vaishya (agriculturists) and Shudra (workers). The Brahmanas were referred to as the receivers of gift. The Vaishyas had to pay tribute for the lands that they got from the Kshatriya nobles. It was, in the beginning, a division of occupations; as such it was open and flexible. Much later, caste status and the corresponding occupation came

3 Things the Novelist Can Learn From the Copywriter

3 Things the Novelist Can Learn From the Copywriter 3 Things the Novelist Can Learn From the Copywriter 3 Things the Novelist Can Learn From the Copywriter By Guest Author As a copywriter, I have access to two of the greatest writing improvement tools in existence: practice and feedback. I spend 40 hours a week pumping out words that will be tweaked, replaced, moved, cut, checked, rechecked, and rejected or selected. Every red mark on my ad copy teaches me how to improve my fiction. Here are a few things Ive learned. 1. Clarity The number one rule is Get the Message Across. Don’t sacrifice clarity for cleverness, or even for grammar. If it doesn’t get your message across, it’s not as clever as you think it is; it’s certainly not correct. After all, grammar exists to preserve clarity. The second it fails to do so, throw it out the window. For instance, the â€Å"don’t end sentences with prepositions† rule often results in a mutilated catastrophe, which Winston Churchill so aptly illustrated when he said, â€Å"This is the kind of errant pedantry up with which I shall not put!† 2. Brevity As a novelist, I never worried about being concise. In fact, I strove to write as long a book as possible, thinking it would never be a real novel unless it was good and thick. I pushed until I crossed 100,000 words. But as a copywriter, I’m constantly trimming words to fit the 30-second radio spot, the half-page ad, the 25-character Adwords headline. This was a nuisance at first, but then I realized something: shortening my writing made every word count – and thus made every word hit harder. The best way to learn this rule is to force yourself; take the first chapter of your book and cut 100 words. Or 500. Start by doing a word search for â€Å"that† and â€Å"very† – you’ll find you can cut most of those. (â€Å"Omit unnecessary words† also happens to be Strunk White’s Rule #17.) 3. Brainstorming One of the ways I half-jokingly describe my job is â€Å"I sit around and think stuff up.† It’s another truth I never fully grasped until I became a copywriter: take time just to think. You can’t always expect great ideas or solutions to come to you out of the blue. You have to sit down at a blank page or Word document and focus; not on writing, but on coming up with ideas. Maybe you’re outlining plot, or naming the book, or developing a character. Whatever it is, a brainstorming session can work wonders. Write down every idea that you have, even if it sounds dumb. If you have a major problem or plot hole, find someone else to brainstorm with – your critique partner works well for this. As you work together, your creative power will grow exponentially. About the Author: Stephanie Orges is a writer at the Balcom Agency in Fort Worth, where she drafts radio, print and web copy for a variety of clients including Justin Boots, Southwest Bank and the Neeley School of Business at TCU. On her blog, BeKindRewrite, she offers writing advice and explores the philosophy of writing. She is currently working on her first novel. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SList of Greek Words in the English LanguagePhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Web-site Front Page and Anwser Questions Assignment - 1

Web-site Front Page and Anwser Questions - Assignment Example As this will be the initial fascination that goes along with the content marketing wearing off, there is a need to invest wisely. This content maturity will eventually bring good results and in the restraint I will be able to reflectively reach the target to the content and services it offers and also help improve the results. On the other hand, I would include another tactic of building the restraint own brand than just building links. A sophisticated brand, usually play a very key role in the business and also the search engine. Building its own brand in the search engine will, however, help build the thought of leadership in the space will be critical steps to all the ranking all the time. Another tactic is the use of the social media such as the twitter, Facebook and others. Goggle for example, works by relying on human signals to vet sites. I intend to use a strong strategy that will make it easier for people to share the restraint content since it works so well and also integrates with the role of the search engine so significantly. Marketing and also Understanding your restaurant’s psychographic and demographic profile is another tactic indispensable in capitalizing on the restaurant prediction. It also assists in deciding what is obtained to keep clients coming back, like rotating menus, live music, or other events. Another tactic beside the front web site page is the creativity. The restaurant production, while increasing in both imagination and eminence includes numerous concepts that are usually based on modern foods. Inventiveness can come also in the form of cafe new design, drinks presentation, new dishes and variations on the tune-up. . The mobile optimization currently is no longer an option. This is because almost many people have the smart phones and it is getting hard for any site without a mobile strategy to rank appropriately.

Medicare and Medicaid-SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicare and Medicaid-SLP - Essay Example Apart from Pharmaceutical labelers that refer to drug prior approval information supplied with the drug by the CMS, the Automated Voice Response System (AVRS) is used to reinforce the Drug Prior Approval process. Through AVRS pharmacy providers can inquire about or enter a request for a drug prior approval via either a touch-tone or rotary dial phone, (www.hfs.illinois.gov/avrs, 2009). The State of Illinois has the All Kids medical insurance program. Under this program, children who have no medical cover because their parents cannot afford insurance premiums are covered at rates their parents can afford. The aim of the program is to ensure that all children benefit from medical coverage no matter what their ascribed social status. They are covered under comprehensive, affordable health insurance, regardless of family income, immigration status or health condition, (www.allkids.com, 2009). Under the program children can access hospitals, medicine and physicians when the need arises. The program recognizes the fact that every child deserves to grow up healthy without any medical discrimination. It covers doctor calls, hospitalization, prescribed drugs, optician visits, dental check-ups, eyeglasses, regular check-ups and immunization shots. Other services like medical equipment, speech therapy and physical therapy are also covered for the children in need. Anyone 18 years and below living in Illinois is a potential candidate for All Kids, provided that they are not in a position to afford regular health care from conventional programs. There is no income limit since all uninsured kids can qualify for All Kids regardless of what their parents earn. All Kids is different from the State’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Plan (Chip). CHIP is funded partly by participant premiums and partly by appropriations of the state’s General Revenue

Richer Sounds Essay Example for Free

Richer Sounds Essay The main business objectives for the company are to increase sales and market share, increase profits, new product developments and employee career development. Sainsburys has these business objectives to help meet its overall objective which is stated in the companys mission statement. They also want to increase profits by reducing expenditure. SAINSBURYS MAIN ACTIVITIES Sainsburys consists of both secondary and tertiary sectors, which means that they manufacture their own goods and they also sell products and provide services through the internet which makes them a tertiary sector as well. Due to the fact that Sainsburys manufactured their own goods; most of the money goes back to them and isnt really shared out between with the manufactures. Sainsbury have a bakery and fish section in all their stores, they also produce their own bread and pastry. Due to Sainsbury doing very well in the marketing industry they also started selling stationary and electrical goods, which will boost up their sales. Sainsbury offer a club card, which means people who shop at Sainsbury get points for shopping there, these points can later be exchanged for cash or vouchers. By offering a club card Sainsbury are able to attract more customers and by attracting more customers they will increase in sales, which then will lead to an increase in profits and shares. COMPARISON Both of the businesses have similar aims, which is that they want to give excellent service to their customers. The main difference between the two businesses is that Richer Sounds isnt as well known as Sainsburys is which gives Sainsburys a great advantage over them. This means that Sainsburys will have more customer awareness than Richer Sounds. Both of the businesses have different objectives. Sainsburys wants to increase sales by reducing expenditure, this means that Sainsburys already knows how they going to achieve their objective. Richer Sounds want to expand their company, they want to open 4 to 6 stores in the current year, they want to develop their audiovisual cinema range and they want to keep their customer service level above 90%, they do this by asking customers to fill in questionnaires at the till. The two objectives show that Sainsburys are concerned more about their profits than customers and Richer Sounds are concerned about their customers more than their profits. Both businesses also range in different activities, whereas Richer Sounds sell hi-fis and home cinema systems etc, Sainsbury sell mainly food products but they also sell non-food related goods as well such as stationary and electrical goods, giving them another great advantage over Richer Sounds. Both business sell goods from stores, online and orders can be made over the phone as well. RICHER SOUNDS OWNERSHIP LOCATION Richer Sounds are a Public limited company. They are a limited company so that if they come across any financial problems their owner and founder Julian Richer wouldnt be responsible for any debts. Even though Richer Sounds are a plc they are unlisted from the stock exchange, this is because they dont want to lose any control of the company to shareholders, and Richer Sounds want to have full control over their company. Also if they do become listed in the stock exchange they will have to have certain requirements such as File full accounts, Have a minimum issued share capital of i 50,000 etc. They will have to abide by all the legal requirements under the various Companies Acts and the Finance Act, which means the directors, will have to take up certain legal duties, such as to make sure that proper accounting records are kept. Being a unlisted public limited company is suited to them because they are a large company and by being unlisted they will have one less thing to worry about, which is shareholders, because they wont have any. The business is located mainly in the UK, they have a couple of stores outside the UK as well and their main warehouse is in Lancashire. Richer Sounds first store was in central London at the London bridge walk. When choosing locations Richer Sounds consider two main points which are; to make sure that there are a lot of customers nearby who would actually be interested in purchasing from them, and to keep it as far as possible from another Richer Sound store, so that they dont end up sharing customers instead of attracting new ones. Their stores are essential for customers because customers wont have to look every where for their stores since their often on the corner of a road, which makes it really visible to see, and their mainly nearby a parking, so that customers wont have to worry about finding parking space on the road. Richer Sounds consists of only the tertiary sector which means that they only sell products; they dont manufacture the products themselves or make it from the raw materials. Richer Sounds could make more money if they actually manufactured their own products like Sainsburys does, this way they wont have to pay the main manufacturer a bit of the profit for selling the goods.

Deer Hunting is Necessary :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a freezing twenty-two degrees outside. Even though it is still too dark to see, as you look over the hills, you see a breathtaking sunrise that will soon creep through the heavy fog. Every breath that you take is like smoke coming out of a dragon’s nostrils. As you are waiting patiently, still, and quietly, you finally see your kill, the white-tail deer. Without a doubt, the white-tail deer should be hunted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, the population of the white-tail deer is entirely too big. In fact, there is a total of twenty-five million white-tail deer in the United States alone.1 Because of this enormous number of deer, they are constantly on the move. This means that they go straight to the roads. Ten thousand white-tail deer get hit by cars and die each year while they try to find new eating grounds.2 Not only is this wasting meat, but it causes severe damage to cars. Deer can even cause car accidents on the highway, killing humans as well. Also, deer are constantly getting pushed into the city because of little food due to the over-populated area of deer. Unfortunately, this causes a hassle in major cities when people try to catch the deer without harming it. Debra Fluitt, a citizen of Tulsa, Oklahoma, said, â€Å"Last year a big white-tail deer came into my very own house as I was unloading groceries. When the police tried to get it out, it destroyed over $800 worth of my belon gings and finally jumped through the window.† After the deer are captured in the city, they are taken back into an environment where food is scarce because of the over-populated deer that are already there. That deer then dies of starvation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, the white-tail deer is destroying the environment day by day. They eat crops that humans need for survival. They eat all of the food in their area, so they have to come to our crops. In fact, several years ago, authorities passed the Buck Law, which was meant to stop hunting so many deer. Thanks to such strongly restricted laws, deer populations expanded rapidly but ended by causing serious damage to crops. The Buck Law was soon useless.3 A group of farmers in North Texas stated, â€Å"Each year, we lose more and more money because of those stupid white-tail deer. We can’t keep them away from our crops.

Back Belts

Back belt, also known as â€Å"back support belt† is a lightweight, elastic belt worn around the waist. It becomes popular due to the medical assumption that it protects the back and many workplaces acquire the use of back belts to avoid injuries among the workers. Sakol Trading and Engineering Co. , Ltd. , a Thailand-based manufacturer of medical equipment like back belts and safety slings, guarantees that the back support belt has the comfort and durability to prevent lower back and abdominal pain and injuries during lifting of heavy loads.The belt also reminds the wearer to lift properly, offers extra support to a person’s back during prolonged sitting position and repetitive bending. However, these claims are not supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the federal institute responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injuries and illnesses. According to NIOSH, None of the s tudies they conducted provides sufficient evidence or data to support the claims that back belt reduces the load force, prevents back and abdominal injuries or stiffens the spine.Therefore, NIOSH does not recommend the use of back belts to the workers. There are several concerns that the controversial belt creates: it restricts the mobility of a person thus reducing the elasticity of the muscles and tendons; it cause strain on the cardiovascular system and; it creates a false sense of security that may make the wearer to lift excessively heavy load. It also causes muscles to be dependent on external support. Companies should not rely solely on the back belts as a safety program.They should let their workers undergo trainings about proper lifting and back support. The workers can be allowed to use back belts if they want to since wearing of it is voluntary. However, they should remember that there is no scientific evidence to support that back belts really work. Reference: †¢ At kinson, Williams. Back Belts: Useful or Not? LP/Gas, Vol. 65, Issue 3, p. 46-47 (March, 2005). Retrieved May 28, 2009 from http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=5&hid=4&sid=d76b81c5-3c37-451b-9278-484eeeb125cb%40sessionmgr2#db=bth&AN=16409961

Why You Should Use Reusable Shopping Bags

The next time the clerk at your favorite grocery store asks whether you prefer â€Å"paper or plastic† for your purchases, consider giving the truly eco-friendly response and saying, â€Å"neither.† Plastic bags end up as litter that fouls the landscape and kill thousands of marine animals every year that mistake the floating bags for food. Plastic bags that get buried in landfills may take up to 1,000 years to break down, and in the process, they separate into smaller and smaller toxic particles that contaminate soil and water. Furthermore, the production of plastic bags consume millions of gallons of oil that could be used for fuel and heating. Is Paper Better Than Plastic? Paper bags, which many people consider a better alternative to plastic bags, carry their own set of environmental problems. For example, according to the American Forest and Paper Association, in 1999 the U.S. alone used 10 billion paper grocery bags, which adds up to a lot of trees, plus a lot of water and chemicals to process the paper. Reusable Bags Are a Better Option But if you decline both paper and plastic bags, then how do you get your groceries home? The answer, according to many environmentalists, is high-quality reusable shopping bags made of materials that don’t harm the environment during production and don’t need to be discarded after each use. You can find a good selection of high-quality reusable bags online, or at most grocery stores, department stores, and food co-operatives. Experts estimate that 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed and discarded annually worldwide—more than a million per minute. Here are a few facts about plastic bags to help demonstrate the value of reusable bags to consumers and the environment: Plastic bags are not biodegradable. They actually go through a process called photodegradation—breaking down into smaller and smaller toxic particles that contaminate both soil and water, and end up entering the food chain when animals accidentally ingest them.According to the Environmental Protection Agency, more than 380 billion plastic bags are used in the United States every year. Of those, approximately 100 billion are plastic shopping bags, which cost retailers about $4 billion annually.According to various estimates, Taiwan consumes 20 billion plastic bags annually (900 per person), Japan consumes 300 billion bags each year (300 per person), and Australia consumes 6.9 billion plastic bags annually (326 per person).Hundreds of thousands of whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and other marine mammals die every year after eating discarded plastic bags they mistake for food.Discarded plastic bags have become so common in Africa they have spawned a cottage industry. People there collect the bags and use them to weave hats, bags, and other goods. According to the BBC, one such group routinely collects 30,000 bags every month.Plastic bags as litter have even become commonplace in Antarctica and other remote areas. According to David Barnes, a marine scientist with the British Antarctic Survey, plastic bags have gone from being rare in the late 1980s and early 1990s to being almost everywhere in Antarctica. Some governments have recognized the severity of the problem and are taking action to help combat it. Strategic Taxes Can Cut Plastic Bag Use In 2001, for example, Ireland was using 1.2 billion plastic bags annually, about 316 per person. In 2002, the Irish government imposed a plastic bag consumption tax (called a PlasTax), which has reduced consumption by 90 percent. The tax of $.15 per bag is paid by consumers when they check out at the store. Besides cutting back on litter, Ireland’s tax has saved approximately 18 million liters of oil. Several other governments around the world are now considering a similar tax on plastic bags. Governments Use the Law to Limit Plastic Bags More recently, Japan passed a law that empowers the government to issue warnings to merchants that overuse plastic bags and don’t do enough to â€Å"reduce, reuse, or recycle.† In Japanese culture, it is common for stores to wrap each item in its own bag, which the Japanese consider a matter of both good hygiene and respect or politeness. Companies Making Tough Choices Meanwhile, some eco-friendly companies—such as Toronto’s Mountain Equipment Co-op—are voluntarily exploring ethical alternatives to plastic bags, turning to biodegradable bags made from corn. The corn-based bags cost several times more than plastic bags, but are produced using much less energy and will break down in landfills or composters in four to 12 weeks. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

The Greatest Pass Rusher Of College Football - 1010 Words

By: Daryan Jessie â€Å"The greatest pass rusher in college football today† said Coach Tom Osborne of the Nebraska, Cornhuskers. Have you ever heard of â€Å"the biggest ovation you never heard.† 73,650 fans all for a single deaf person named Kenny Walker. It was his last game for university and he was going on to the Denver Broncos. Kenny Walker was born in april 6th, 1967, in Crane, TX. He became deaf at the age of 2, from spinal meningitis. He was offered a football scholarship from the University of Nebraska Rare is it that warmth crowds wrath for the spotlight when the Nebraska Cornhuskers and the Colorado Buffaloes crack helmets in their annual Big Eight showdown. Yet that was the mood this season at chilly Memorial Stadium in Lincoln as fans applauded loudly every senior playing his final home game. Nothing matched the reception waiting Kenny Walker, however. He received the biggest ovation you never heard.There was no applause. When Walker ran onto the field for the last time, he saw Big Red fans thanking him in sign language. They were deaf clapping, a majority of the 73,650 using a hand gesture to show affection that went far beyond Walker s crunching tackles and sacks as an All-America lineman. Their arms raised, appropriately, like a referee signaling touchdown and their wrists rotating counterclockwise, the fans applauded Walker. Deaf since contracting spinal meningitis at 2, Walker had inspired the Midwest, publicly sharing his story so others

Ethics in Business Essay - 3147 Words

Introduction Ethics in business is important of everyday moral and ethical norms to business. Perhaps, the Ten Commandments from Bible come to mind as an example of morality that still used by many today. These commandments carry concept of being truthful and honest, and try to stay away from theft and greed. An idea of stewardship can be found in the Bible as well as many other religious literatures that can be and have been applied to business. Beside religion, philosophy also carries similar ethical traditions. For example, Plato’s main theme of Republic is justice, and Aristotle in his Politics cares model of economic relations, business and trade. Today, Business Ethics is the conduct that businesses carry in†¦show more content†¦FACTs of WA-MU Washington Mutual Bank, aka WA-MU, was organized in September 1889 to help provide funds for rebuilding Seattle after the great fire. Washington Mutual became the largest thrift in the US, and one of its largest banks. From that beginning, Washington Mutual has grown into financial services company that offered services in mortgages, credit cards and retail landings. â€Å"But if its rise was storied, its fall was spectacular, ending in the largest bank failure in American history to date† (The New York Times, 2010). Sadly, Washington Mutual Bank, or WA-MU, was seized on Thursday, September 25, 2008. In April 21, 1982, Washington Mutual acquired Murphey Favre, Inc. and Composite Research Management Co. WA-MU decided to keep on the firms executive vice president, Kerry K. Killinger. Kerry was elevated to the position of president in 1988 and chief executive officer in 1990 (The New York Times, 2010). Kerry’s leadership brought new strategies to the company. According to The New York Times (2010), in July 1996, Mr. Killinger engineered the purchase of the 158-branch California-based American Savings Bank, a $1.4 billion deal that nearly doubled the size of Washington Mutual, instantly making it the third largest American savings and loan. Financial centers were redesigned, exchanging the traditional banking atmosphere for that of a departmentShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Business943 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions in Business is Ethics. Some people believe that the decisions businesses make in interest of the business has no place in ethics and that they are essentially amoral. These businesses believe that their main objective is to simply make a profit and that it does not affect the success of the business. Whereas some businesses believe that they have to take ethics into consideration, in order for their business to be a success. Richard T. De George (1999) states that ethics and business do notRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1471 Words   |  6 PagesReview Nowadays, the concern for business ethics is growing rapidly in the business community around the world. Business ethics are focused on the judgment of decisions taken by managers and their behaviors. The issue regarding these judgments is the norms and cultures that shape these judgments. Business ethics are concerned about the issue, how will the issue be solved and how will it move ahead along the transition analysis as well (Carroll, 2014). Business ethics can be addressed at differentRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1304 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics Varun Shah University of Texas at Dallas Business Ethics Morals are a crucial part of life. Without having principles one would never be able to distinguish the right from wrong and good from evil. Just as it applies to life in general, ethics is an integral part of doing business as well. When we here the term Business Ethics in our work place, we usually do not take it seriously and brush it off saying ‘it’s just a simple set of basic rules like not cheating and so on’. ThisRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesResource A discusses how ethics is crucial in business. There are three key ideas used to understand this. Firstly, making ethically wrong decisions tend to cause more upset than other general mistakes as purposeful unethical actions are not as easily forgiven or forgotten. Secondly, ethics provides businesses with a broader understanding of everything to do with their business. Business ethics is effectively just business it its larger human context. Thirdly, being unethical ca n tarnish the publicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1064 Words   |  5 Pages　　　　Business Ethics Ethics can be viewed as the rules and values that determine goals and actions people should follow when dealing with other human beings. However, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviourRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics757 Words   |  4 Pagesdeciding what to do in certain situations, ethics is what guides an individual to act in a way that is good, or right. Those involved in business settings apply ethics to business situations, known as business ethics. It is expected of businesses, small and large, to follow business ethics. There is a particular framework businesses are to follow. However, the reoccurring news headlines of poor business ethics prove differently. Poor busine ss ethics include bribery, corporate accounting scandalsRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1200 Words   |  5 PagesEthics meaning in simple way for average person is what is right from wrong. According to Chris MacDonald (2010)† Ethics† can be defined as the critical, structured examinations of how we should behave - in particular, how we should constrain the pursuit of self-interest when our actions affect others. â€Å"Business ethics is the applied ethics discipline that address the moral features of commercial activity (Business ethics, 2008).Working in ethical way in business has a lot of benefits which can attractRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Business Ethics1431 Words   |  6 Pages BUSINESS ETHICS INTRODUCTION:- Presentation Ethics are exceptionally regular and essential good esteem that helps us to take the right choice where we think that it hard to pick between our own advantages and the correct thing to do. We are going to talk about three sections of morals Behavioral morals, Bounded ethicality and last one is irreconcilable situation. As from the names of these parts of morals, its verging on clarifying the significance of it. It clarifies why great individualsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesBusiness Ethics Business ethics is a type of professional ethics or applied ethics which examines moral problems and ethical principles that come up in a corporate environment. It is applied to every aspect of conducting business. According to Milton Friedman, a company has the responsibility to generate as much revenue as it can while still conforming to the basic rules that society has set. These rules include the ones embodied in customs as well as in law. Similarly, Peter Drucker stated thatRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1586 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness ethics refers to the consideration of moral decisions and responsibilities in the process of operating a business. Business ethics, practiced throughout the deepest layers of a company, become the heart and soul of the company s culture and can mean the difference between success and failure. Values drive behavior and therefore need to be consciously stated, but they also need to be affirmed by actions. Ethical business environments are created with foundations of integrity, accountability

Natural Disaster Free Essays

string(89) " of human life due to high winds, flooding, and large waves crashing against shorelines\." Earthquake, shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by rapid movement of the Earth’s rocky outer layer. Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the Earth, usually in the form of strain in rocks, suddenly releases. This energy is transmitted to the surface of the Earth by earthquake waves. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disaster or any similar topic only for you Order Now The destruction an earthquake causes depends on its magnitude and duration, or the amount of shaking that occurs. A structure’s design and the materials used in its construction also affect the amount of damage the structure incurs. Earthquakes vary from small, imperceptible shaking to large shocks felt over thousands of kilometers. Earthquakes can deform the ground, make buildings and other structures collapse, and create tsunamis (large sea waves). Lives may be lost in the resulting destruction. In the last 500 years, several million people have been killed by earthquakes around the world, including over 240,000 in the 1976 T’ang-Shan, China, earthquake. Worldwide, earthquakes have also caused severe property and structural damage. Adequate precautions, such as education, emergency planning, and constructing stronger, more flexible, safely designed structures, can limit the loss of life and decrease the damage caused by earthquakes. Focus and Epicenter- The point within the Earth along the rupturing geological fault where an earthquake originates is called the focus, or hypocenter. The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter. Faults- Stress in the Earth’s crust creates faults, resulting in earthquakes. The properties of an earthquake depend strongly on the type of fault slip, or movement along the fault, that causes the earthquake. Geologists categorize faults according to the direction of the fault slip. The surface between the two sides of a fault lies in a plane, and the direction of the plane is usually not vertical; rather it dips at an angle into the Earth. Waves- The sudden movement of rocks along a fault causes vibrations that transmit energy through the Earth in the form of waves. Waves that travel in the rocks below the surface of the Earth are called body waves, and there are two types of body waves: primary, or P, waves, and secondary, or S, waves. The S waves, also known as shearing waves, move the ground back and forth Effects Of Earthquake Ground Shaking and Landslides-Earthquake waves make the ground move, shaking buildings and causing poorly designed or weak structures to partially or totally collapse. The ground shaking weakens soils and foundation materials under structures and causes dramatic changes in fine-grained soils. During an earthquake, water-saturated sandy soil becomes like liquid mud, an effect called liquefaction. Liquefaction causes damage as the foundation soil beneath structures and buildings weakens. Fire-Another post-earthquake threat is fire, such as the fires. The amount of damage caused by post-earthquake fire depends on the types of building materials used, whether water lines are intact, and whether natural gas mains have been broken. Ruptured gas mains may lead to numerous fires, and fire fighting cannot be effective if the water mains are not intact to transport water to the fires. Tsunami Waves and Flooding- Along the coasts, sea waves called tsunamis that accompany some large earthquakes centered under the ocean can cause more death and damage than ground shaking. Tsunamis are usually made up of several oceanic waves that travel out from the slipped fault and arrive one after the other on shore. They can strike without warning, often in places very distant from the epicenter of the earthquake. Tsunami waves are sometimes inaccurately referred to as tidal waves, but tidal forces do not cause them. Rather, tsunamis occur when a major fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips. The displaced rock pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach the continental shelf, the part of the Earth’s crust that slopes, or rises, from the ocean floor up to the land. Disease-Catastrophic earthquakes can create a risk of widespread disease outbreaks, especially in underdeveloped countries. Damage to water supply lines, sewage lines, and hospital facilities as well as lack of housing may lead to conditions that contribute to the spread of contagious diseases, such as influenza (the flu) and other viral infections. Blizzard Blizzard, severe storm characterized by extreme cold, strong winds, and a heavy snowfall. These storms are most common to the western United States but sometimes occur in other parts of the country. According to the U. S. National Weather Service, winds of 35 mph (56. 3 km/h) or more and visibility of 0. 25 mi (0. 40 km) or less are conditions that, if they endure for three hours, define a blizzard. The great blizzard of March 11-14, 1888, which covered the eastern U. S. , was perhaps the most paralyzing of any storm on record. Cyclone Cyclone, in strict meteorological terminology, an area of low atmospheric pressure surrounded by a wind system blowing, in the northern hemisphere, in a counterclockwise direction. A corresponding high-pressure area with clockwise winds is known as an anticyclone. In the southern hemisphere these wind directions are reversed. Cyclones are commonly called lows and anticyclones highs. The term cyclone has often been more loosely applied to a storm and disturbance attending such pressure systems, particularly the violent tropical hurricane and the typhoon, which center on areas of unusually low pressure. Hurricane Hurricane, name given to violent storms that originate over the tropical or subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or North Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line. Such storms over the North Pacific west of the International Date Line are called typhoons; those elsewhere are known as tropical cyclones, which is the general name for all such storms including hurricanes and typhoons. These storms can cause great damage to property and loss of human life due to high winds, flooding, and large waves crashing against shorelines. You read "Natural Disaster" in category "Papers" How Hurricanes Form-Tropical cyclones form and grow over warm ocean water, drawing their energy from latent heat. Latent heat is the energy released when water vapor in rising hot, humid air condenses into clouds and rain. As warmed air rises, more air flows into the area where the air is rising, creating wind. The Earth’s rotation causes the wind to follow a curved path over the ocean (the Coriolis effect), which helps give tropical cyclones their circular appearance. Hurricanes and tropical cyclones form, maintain their strength, and grow only when they are over ocean water that is approximately 27 °C (80 °F). Such warmth causes large amounts of water to evaporate, making the air very humid. This warm water requirement accounts for the existence of tropical cyclone seasons, which occur generally during a hemisphere’s summer and autumn. Because water is slow to warm up and cool down, oceans do not become warm enough for tropical cyclones to occur in the spring. Oceans can become warm enough in the summer for hurricanes to develop, and the oceans also retain summer heat through the fall. Hurricanes weaken and die out when cut off from warm, humid air as they move over cooler water or land but can remain dangerous as they weaken. Hurricanes and other tropical cyclones begin as disorganized clusters of showers and thunderstorms. When one of these clusters becomes organized with its winds making a complete circle around a center, it is called a tropical depression. When a depression’s sustained winds reach 63 km/h (39 mph) or more, it becomes a tropical storm and is given a name. By definition, a tropical storm becomes a hurricane when winds reach 119 km/h (74 mph) or more. Characteristics of Hurricane-A hurricane consists of bands of thunderstorms that spiral toward the low-pressure center, or â€Å"eye† of the storm. Winds also spiral in toward the center, speeding up as they approach the eye. Large thunderstorms create an â€Å"eye wall† around the center where winds are the strongest. Winds in the eye itself are nearly calm, and the sky is often clear. Air pressures in the eye at the surface range from around 982 hectopascals (29 inches of mercury) in a weak hurricane to lower than 914 hectopascals (27 inches of mercury) in the strongest storms. Hectopascals are the metric unit of air pressure and are the same as millibars, a term used by many weather forecasters in the United States. Hectopascals is the preferred term in scientific journals and is being used more often in public forecasts in nations that use the metric system. )In a large, strong storm, hurricane-force winds may be felt over an area with a diameter of more than 100 km (60 m). The diameter of the area affected by gale winds and torrential rain can extend another 200 km (120 m) or more outward from the eye of the storm. The diameter of the eye may be less than 16 km (10 m) in a strong hurricane to more than 48 km (30 m) in a weak storm. The smaller the diameter of the eye, the stronger the hurricane winds will be. A hurricane’s strength is rated from Category 1, which has winds of at least 119 km/h (74 mph), to Category 5, which has winds of more than 249 km/h (155 mph). These categories, known as the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale, were developed in the 1970s. Tornado Tornado, violently rotating column of air extending from ithin a thundercloud down to ground level. The strongest tornadoes may sweep houses from their foundations, destroy brick buildings, toss cars and school buses through the air, and even lift railroad cars from their tracks. Tornadoes vary in diameter from tens of meters to nearly 2 km (1 mi), with an average diameter of about 50 m (160 ft). Most tornadoes in the northern hemisphere create winds that blow counterclockwise around a center of extremely low atmospheric pressu re. In the southern hemisphere the winds generally blow clockwise. Peak wind speeds can range from near 120 km/h (75 mph) to almost 500 km/h (300 mph). The forward motion of a tornado can range from a near standstill to almost 110 km/h (70 mph). A tornado becomes visible when a condensation funnel made of water vapor (a funnel cloud) forms in extreme low pressures, or when the tornado lofts dust, dirt, and debris upward from the ground. A mature tornado may be columnar or tilted, narrow or broad—sometimes so broad that it appears as if the parent thundercloud itself had descended to ground level. Some tornadoes resemble a swaying elephant’s trunk. Others, especially very violent ones, may break into several intense suction vortices—intense swirling masses of air—each of which rotates near the parent tornado. A suction vortex may be only a few meters in diameter, and thus can destroy one house while leaving a neighboring house relatively unscathed. Formation-Many tornadoes, including the strongest ones, develop from a special type of thunderstorm known as a supercell. A supercell is a long-lived, rotating thunderstorm 10 to 16 km (6 to 10 mi) in diameter that may last several hours, travel hundreds of miles, and produce several tornadoes. Supercell tornadoes are often produced in sequence, so that what appears to be a very long damage path from one tornado may actually be the result of a new tornado that forms in the area where the previous tornado died. Sometimes, tornado outbreaks occur, and swarms of supercell storms may occur. Each supercell may spawn a tornado or a sequence of tornadoes. The complete process of tornado formation in supercells is still debated among meteorologists. Scientists generally agree that the first stage in tornado formation is an interaction between the storm updraft and the winds. An updraft is a current of warm, moist air that rises upward through the thunderstorm. The updraft interacts with the winds, which must change with height in favorable ways for the interaction to occur. This interaction causes the updraft to rotate at the middle levels of the atmosphere. The rotating updraft, known as a mesocyclone, stabilizes the thunderstorm and gives it its long-lived supercell characteristics. The next stage is the development of a strong downdraft (a current of cooler air that moves in a downward direction) on the backside of the storm, known as a rear-flank downdraft. It is not clear whether the rear-flank downdraft is induced by rainfall or by pressure forces set up in the storm, although it becomes progressively colder as the rain evaporates into it. This cold air moves downward because it is denser than warm air. The speed of the downdraft increases and the air plunges to the ground, where it fans out at speeds that can exceed 160 km/h (100 mph). The favored location for the development of a tornado is at the area between this rear-flank downdraft and the main storm updraft. However, the details of why a tornado should form there are still not clear. The same condensation process that creates tornadoes makes visible the generally weaker sea-going tornadoes, called waterspouts. Waterspouts occur most frequently in tropical waters. OccurrenceThe United States has the highest average annual number of tornadoes in the world, about 800 per year. Outside the United States, Australia ranks second in tornado frequency. Tornadoes also occur in many other countries, including China, India, Russia, England, and Germany. Bangladesh has been struck several times by devastating killer tornadoes. In the United States, tornadoes occur in all 50 states. However, the region with the most tornadoes is â€Å"Tornado Alley,† a swath of the Midwest extending from the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain northward through eastern South Dakota. Another area of high concentration is â€Å"Dixie Alley,† which extends across the Gulf Coastal Plain from south Texas eastward to Florida. Tornadoes are most frequent in the Midwest, where conditions are most favorable for the development of the severe thunderstorms that produce tornadoes. The Gulf of Mexico ensures a supply of moist, warm air that enables the storms to survive. Weather conditions that trigger severe thunderstorms are frequently in place here: convergence (flowing together) of air along boundaries between dry and moist air masses, convergence of air along the boundaries between warm and cold air masses, and low pressure systems in the upper atmosphere traveling eastward across the plains. In winter, tornado activity is usually confined to the Gulf Coastal Plain. In spring, the most active tornado season, tornadoes typically occur in central Tornado Alley and astward into the Ohio Valley. In summer, most tornadoes occur in a northern band stretching from the Dakotas eastward into Pennsylvania and southern New York State. The worst tornado disasters in the United States have claimed hundreds of lives. The Tri-State Outbreak of March 18, 1925, had the highest death toll: 740 people died in 7 tornadoes that struck Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana. The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974, spawned 148 tornadoes (the most in any known outbreak) and killed 315 people from Alabama north to Ohio. Floods When it rains or snows, some of the water is retained by the soil, some is absorbed by vegetation, some evaporates, and the remainder, which reaches stream channels, is called runoff. Floods occur when soil and vegetation cannot absorb all the water; water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried in stream channels or retained in natural ponds and constructed reservoirs. About 30 percent of all precipitation is runoff, and this amount may be increased by melting snow masses. Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as the flood plain. These river floods often result from heavy rain, sometimes combined with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks; a flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area. Coastal areas are occasionally flooded by unusually high tides induced by severe winds over ocean surfaces, or by tsunamis caused by undersea earthquakes. Effects of Floods-Floods not only damage property and endanger the lives of humans and animals, but have other effects as well. Rapid runoff causes soil erosion as well as sediment deposition problems downstream. Spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitat are often destroyed. High-velocity currents increase flood damage; prolonged high floods delay traffic and interfere with drainage and economic use of lands. Bridge abutments, bank lines, sewer outfalls, and other structures within floodways are damaged, and navigation and hydroelectric power are often impaired. Financial losses due to floods are commonly millions of dollars each year. Drought Drought, condition of abnormally dry weather within a geographic region where some rain might usually be expected. A drought is thus quite different from a dry climate, which designates a region that is normally, or at least seasonally, dry. The term drought is applied to a period in which an unusual scarcity of rain causes a serious hydrological imbalance: Water-supply reservoirs empty, wells dry up, and crop damage ensues. The severity of the drought is gauged by the degree of moisture deficiency, its duration, and the size of the area affected. If the drought is brief, it is known as a dry spell, or partial drought. A partial drought is usually defined as more than 14 days without appreciable precipitation, whereas a drought may last for years. Droughts tend to be more severe in some areas than in others. Catastrophic droughts generally occur at latitudes of about 15 °-20 °, in areas bordering the permanently arid regions of the world. Permanent aridity is a characteristic of those areas where warm, tropical air masses, in descending to earth, become hotter and drier. When a poleward shift in the prevailing westerlies occurs , the high-pressure, anticyclonic conditions of the permanently arid regions impinge on areas that are normally subject to seasonally wet low-pressure weather and a drought ensues. A southward shift in the westerlies caused the most severe drought of the 20th century, the one that afflicted the African region called the Sahel for a dozen years, beginning in 1968. In North America, archaeological studies of Native Americans and statistics derived from long-term agricultural records show that six or seven centuries ago whole areas of the Southwest were abandoned by the indigenous agriculturists because of repeated droughts and were never reoccupied. The statistics indicate that roughly every 22 years—with a precision of three to four years—a major drought occurs in the United States, most seriously affecting the Prairie and midwestern states. The disastrous drought of the 1930s, during which large areas of the Great Plains became known as the Dust Bowl, is one example. The effect of the drought was aggravated by overcropping, overpopulation, and lack of timely relief measures. In Africa, the Sahel drought was also aggravated by nonclimatic determinants such as overcropping, as well as by problems between nations and peoples unfriendly with one another. Although drought cannot be reliably predicted, certain precautions can be taken in drought-risk areas. These include construction of reservoirs to hold emergency water supplies, education to avoid overcropping and overgrazing, and programs to limit settlement in drought-prone areas. Volcano Volcano, mountain or hill formed by the accumulation of materials erupted through one or more openings (called volcanic vents) in the earth’s surface. The term volcano can also refer to the vents themselves. Most volcanoes have steep sides, but some can be gently sloping mountains or even flat tablelands, plateaus, or plains. The volcanoes above sea level are the best known, but the vast majority of the world’s volcanoes lie beneath the sea, formed along the global oceanic ridge systems that crisscross the deep ocean floor . According to the Smithsonian Institution, 1,511 above-sea volcanoes have been active during the past 10,000 years, 539 of them erupting one or more times during written history. On average, 50 to 60 above-sea volcanoes worldwide are active in any given year; about half of these are continuations of eruptions from previous years, and the rest are new. Volcano Formation-All volcanoes are formed by the accumulation of magma (molten rock that forms below the earth’s surface). Magma can erupt through one or more volcanic vents, which can be a single opening, a cluster of openings, or a long crack, called a fissure vent. It forms deep within the earth, generally within the upper part of the mantle (one of the layers of the earth’s crust), or less commonly, within the base of the earth’s crust. High temperatures and pressures are needed to form magma. The solid mantle or crustal rock must be melted under conditions typically reached at depths of 80 to 100 km (50 to 60 mi) below the earth’s surface. Once tiny droplets of magma are formed, they begin to rise because the magma is less dense than the solid rock surrounding it. The processes that cause the magma to rise are poorly understood, but it generally moves upward toward lower pressure regions, squeezing into spaces between minerals within the solid rock. As the individual magma droplets rise, they join to form ever-larger blobs and move toward the surface. The larger the rising blob of magma, the easier it moves. Rising magma does not reach the surface in a steady manner but tends to accumulate in one or more underground storage regions, called magma reservoirs, before it erupts onto the surface. With each eruption, whether explosive or nonexplosive, the material erupted adds another layer to the growing volcano. After many eruptions, the volcanic materials pile up around the vent or vents. These piles form a topographic feature, such as a hill, mountain, plateau, or crater, that we recognize as a volcano. Most of the earth’s volcanoes are formed beneath the oceans, and their locations have been documented in recent decades by mapping of the ocean floor. Volcanic Materials- 1-Lava-Lava is magma that breaks the surface and erupts from a volcano. If the magma is very fluid, it flows rapidly down the volcano’s slopes. Lava that is more sticky and less fluid moves slower. Lava flows that have a continuous, smooth, ropy, or billowy surface are called pahoehoe (pronounced pah HOH ee hoh ee) flows, while aa (pronounced ah ah) flows have a jagged surface composed of loose, irregularly shaped lava chunks. Once cooled, pahoehoe forms smooth rocks, while aa forms jagged rocks. The words pahoehoe and aa are Hawaiian terms that describe the texture of the lava. Lava may also be described in terms of its composition and the type of rock it forms. Basalt, andesite, , and rhyolite are all different kinds of rock that form from lava. Each type of rock, and the lava from which it forms, contains a different amount of the compound silicon dioxide. Basaltic lava has the least amount of silicon dioxide, andesitic and dacitic lava have medium levels of silicon dioxide, while rhyolitic lava has the most. -Tephra-Tephra, or pyroclastic material, is made of rock fragments formed by explosive shattering of sticky magma (see Pyroclastic Flow). The term pyroclastic is of Greek origin and means ‘fire-broken’ (pyro, â€Å"fire†; klastos, â€Å"broken†). Tephra refers to any airborne pyroclastic material regardless of size or shape. The best-known tephra materials include pumice, cinders, and volcanic ash. These fragments are exploded when gases build up inside a volcano and produce an explosion. The pieces of magma are shot into the air during the explosion. Ash refers to fragments smaller than 2 mm (0. 08 in) in diameter. The finest ash is called volcanic dust and is made up of particles that are less than 0. 06 mm (0. 002 in) in diameter. Volcanic blocks, or bombs, are the largest fragments of tephra, more than 64 mm (2. 5 in) in diameter (baseball size or larger). Some bombs can be the size of a small car. 3-Gases-Gases, primarily in the form of steam, are released from volcanoes during eruptions. All eruptions, explosive or nonexplosive, are accompanied by the release of volcanic gas. The sudden escape of high-pressure volcanic gas from magma is the driving force for eruptions. Gases come from the magma itself or from the hot magma coming into contact with water in the ground. Volcanic plumes can appear dark during an eruption because the gases are mixed with dark-colored materials such as tephra. Most volcanic gases predominantly consist of water vapor (steam), with carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) being the next two most common compounds along with smaller amounts of chlorine and fluorine gases. Types of Volcano 1-Cinder Cones and Composite Volcanoes-Cinder cones and composite volcanoes have the familiar conelike shape that people most often associate with volcanoes. Some of these form beautifully symmetrical volcanic hills or mountains such as Paricutin Volcano in Mexico and Mount Fuji in Japan. Although both cinder cones and composite volcanoes are mostly the results of explosive eruptions, cinder cones consist exclusively of fragmental lava. This fragmental lava is erupted explosively and made up of cinders. -Shield Volcanoes-Shield volcanoes (also called volcanic shields) get their name from their distinctive, gently sloping mound-like shapes that resemble the fighting shields that ancient warriors carried into battle. Their shapes reflect the fact that they are constructed mainly of countless fluid basaltic lava flows that erupted nonexplosively. Such flows can easily spread great distances from the feeding volcanic vents, similar to the spreading out of hot syrup poured onto a plate. Volcanic shields may be either small or large, and the largest shield volcanoes are many times larger than the largest composite volcanoes. -Caldera-A caldera is a round or oval-shaped low-lying area that forms when the ground collapses because of explosive eruptions. An explosive eruption can explode the top off of the mountain or eject all of the magma that is inside the volcano. Either of these actions may cause the volcano to collapse. Calderas can be bigger than the largest shield volcanoes in diameter. Such volcanic features, if geologically young, are often outlined by an irregular, steep-walled boundary (a caldera rim), which reflects the original ringlike zone, or fault, along which the ground collapse occur red. Some calderas have hills and mountains rising within them, called resurgent domes, that reflect volcanic activity after the initial collapse. 4-Volcanic Plateaus-Some of the largest volcanic features on earth do not actually look like volcanoes. Instead, they form extensive, nearly flat-topped accumulations of erupted materials. These materials form volcanic plateaus or plains covering many thousands of square kilometers. The volcanic materials can be either very fluid basaltic lava flows or far-traveled pyroclastic flows. The basaltic lava flows are called flood or plateau basalts and are erupted from many fissure vents. Volcano Hazards-Eruptions pose direct and indirect volcano hazards to people and property, both on the ground and in the air. Direct hazards are pyroclastic flows, lava flows, falling ash, and debris flows. Pyroclastic flows are mixtures of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas. They are especially deadly because of their high temperatures of 850 ° C (1600 ° F) or higher and fast speeds of 250 km/h (160 mph) or greater. Lava flows, which move much more slowly than pyroclastic flows, are rarely life threatening but can produce massive property damage and economic loss. Heavy accumulations of volcanic ash, especially if they become wet from rainfall, can collapse roofs and damage crops. Debris flows called lahars are composed of wet concretelike mixtures of volcanic debris and water from melted snow or ice or heavy rainfall. Lahars can travel quickly through valleys, destroying everything in their paths. Pyroclastic and volcanic debris flows have caused the most eruption-related deaths in the 20th century. How to cite Natural Disaster, Papers